Materials used Dental restoration

1 materials used

1.1 composite resin
1.2 glass ionomer cement
1.3 porcelain (ceramics)
1.4 comparison
1.5 experimental

materials used

these casting alloys used making crowns, bridges , dentures. titanium, commercially pure 90% alloy, used anchor dental implants biocompatible , can integrate bone.

precious metallic alloys


gold (high purity: 99.7%)
gold alloys (with high gold content)
gold-platina alloy
silver-palladium alloy


base metallic alloys


cobalt-chrome alloy
nickel-chrome alloy


amalgam


silver amalgam or “conventional” dental amalgam ( 65% silver(min), 29% tin(max), 6% copper(max), 2% zinc(max), 3% mercury(max) )
high copper dental amalgam (40% silver(min), 32% tin(max), 30% copper(max), 2% zinc(max), 3% mercury (max) )

the composition of alloy powder controlled iso standard dental amalgam alloy in order control properties, such corrosion , setting expansion.

dental amalgam used because of ease of fabricating plastic material rigid direct fillings, completed in single appointment, acceptable strength, hardness, corrosion, , toxicity properties. more forgiving of preparation , technique composite resins used purpose. high copper dental amalgam preferred on conventional dental amalgam has better corrosion resistance , less susceptible creep. amalgam used posterior teeth. although mercury in cured amalgam not available free mercury, concern of toxicity has existed since invention of amalgam dental material. banned or restricted in norway, sweden , finland. see dental amalgam controversy.

direct gold


gold

although used, due expense , specialized training requirements, gold foil can used direct dental restorations.

composite resin

dental restoration using composite bonding

dental composites, called white fillings , group of restorative materials used in dentistry. crowns , in-lays can made in laboratory dental composites. these materials similar used in direct fillings , tooth-colored. strength , durability not high porcelain or metal restorations , more prone wear , discolouration. other composite materials, dental composite typically consists of resin-based matrix, contains modified methacrylate or acrylate. 2 examples of such commonly used monomers include bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate (bisma) , urethane dimethacrylate (udma), tri-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (tegma). tegma comonomer can used control viscosity, bis gma big molecule high viscosity, easier clinical handling. inorganic filler such silica, quartz or glasses, added reduce polymerization shrinkage occupying volume , confirm radio-opacity of products due translucency in property, can helpful in diagnosis of dental caries around dental restoration. filler particles give composites wear resistance well. compositions vary widely, proprietary mixes of resins forming matrix, engineered filler glasses , glass ceramics. coupling agent such silane used enhance bond between resin matrix , filler particles. initiator package begins polymerization reaction of resins when external energy (light/heat, etc.) applied. example, camphorquinone can excited visible blue light critical wavelength of 460-480 nm yield necessary free radicals start process.

after tooth preparation, thin primer or bonding agent used. modern photo-polymerised composites applied , cured in relatively thin layers determined opacity. after curing, final surface shaped , polished.

glass ionomer cement

a glass ionomer cement (gic) 1 of class of materials commonly used in dentistry filling materials , luting cements. these materials based on reaction of silicate glass powder , polyalkenoic acid. these tooth-coloured materials introduced in 1972 use restorative materials anterior teeth (particularly eroded areas, class iii , v cavities).

as bond chemically dental hard tissues , release fluoride relatively long period, modern-day applications of gics have expanded. desirable properties of glass ionomer cements make them useful materials in restoration of carious lesions in low-stress areas such smooth-surface , small anterior proximal cavities in primary teeth. results clinical studies support use of conventional glass ionomer restorations in primary molars. need not put in layer layer, in composite fillings.

porcelain (ceramics)

all-ceramic dental onlay molar tooth

full-porcelain dental materials include dental porcelain (porcelain meaning high-firing-temperature ceramic), other ceramics, sintered-glass materials, , glass-ceramics indirect fillings , crowns or metal-free jacket crowns . used in-lays, on-lays, , aesthetic veneers. veneer thin shell of porcelain can replace or cover part of enamel of tooth. full-porcelain restorations particularly desirable because color , translucency mimic natural tooth enamel.

another type known porcelain-fused-to-metal, used provide strength crown or bridge. these restorations strong, durable , resistant wear, because combination of porcelain , metal creates stronger restoration porcelain used alone.

one of advantages of computerized dentistry (cad/cam technologies) involves use of machinable ceramics sold in partially sintered, machinable state fired again after machining form hard ceramic. of materials used glass-bonded porcelain (viablock), lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (a ceramic crystallizing glass special heat treatment), , phase stabilized zirconia (zirconium dioxide, zro2). previous attempts utilize high-performance ceramics such zirconium-oxide thwarted fact material not processed using traditional methods used in dentistry. because of high strength , comparatively higher fracture toughness, sintered zirconium-oxide can used in posterior crowns , bridges, implant abutments, , root dowel pins. lithium disilicate (used in latest chairside economical restoration of esthetic ceramics cerec product) has fracture resistance needed use on molars. all-ceramic restorations, such porcelain-fused-to-alumina set standard high aesthetics in dentistry because strong , color , translucency mimic natural tooth enamel. not aesthetic porcelain-fused-to-ceramic, many dentists not use new machine-made monolithic zirconia , lithium disilicate crowns on anterior (front) teeth.

cast metals , porcelain-on-metal standard material crowns , bridges. demand full ceramic solutions, however, continues grow.

comparison

composites , amalgam used direct restoration. composites can made of color matching tooth, , surface can polished after filling procedure has been completed.
amalgam fillings expand age, possibly cracking tooth , requiring repair , filling replacement. chance of leakage of filling less.
composite fillings shrink age , may pull away tooth allowing leakage. if leakage not noticed early, recurrent decay may occur.
a 2003 study showed fillings have finite lifespan: average of 12.8 years amalgam , 7.8 years composite resins. fillings fail because of changes in filling, tooth or bond between them. secondary cavity formation can affect structural integrity original filling. fillings recommended small medium-sized restorations.
inlays , onlays more expensive indirect restoration alternative direct fillings. supposed more durable, long-term studies did not detect significant lower failure rate of ceramic or composite inlays compared composite direct fillings.
porcelain, cobalt-chrome, , gold used indirect restorations crowns , partial coverage crowns (onlays). traditional porcelains brittle , not recommended molar restorations. hard porcelains cause excessive wear on opposing teeth.

experimental

the national institute of dental research , international organizations commercial suppliers conduct research on new materials. in 2010, researchers reported able stimulate mineralization of enamel-like layer of fluorapatite in vivo. filling material compatible pulp tissue has been developed; used root canal or extraction required, according 2016 reports.