Prelude Capture of Gibraltar

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prince george of hesse-darmstadt (1670–1705). prince george imperial representative in iberian peninsula , nominal commander of anglo-dutch forces


using lisbon improvised forward base admiral rooke’s anglo-dutch fleet ventured mediterranean sea in may 1704. after seeing levant trading fleet safely through strait of gibraltar rooke headed towards nice put himself in touch victor amadeus ii, duke of savoy. grand alliance had planned naval attack upon french base @ toulon in conjunction savoyard army , rebels of cévennes; amadeus busy defending capital turin french forces, toulon expedition abandoned , rooke sailed catalan capital, barcelona.


accompanying rooke prince george of hesse-darmstadt had enjoyed popularity amongst catalans governor @ end of 9 years war. prince great exponent of barcelona plan; had been in touch dissidents within catalonia , counted on appearance of fleet encourage rising in favour of charles iii . on 30 may, under cover of ships’ guns, prince george landed 1,200 english , 400 dutch marines; governor of barcelona, don francisco de velasco, had managed keep city s disaffected elements quiet , philip v s partisans on alert. moreover, dissidents incensed size of alliance force , had expected personal appearance of charles iii . ultimatums velesco surrender on pain of bombardment ignored, , plans insurrection within city’s walls failed materialize. rooke, fearing attack french squadron, impatient departure. prince george little more order local followers – thousand in – disperse homes. marines embarked on 1 june without loss.


meanwhile, comte de toulouse, 1 of louis xiv’s illegitimate sons, sailing towards straits fleet brest. news lisbon of french manoeuvres reached rooke on 5 june. determined prevent junction of toulon , brest fleets rooke decided risk battle. however, owing foul bottoms of anglo-dutch ships swifter french fleet escaped rooke’s pursuit , arrived safely in toulon; thenceforth, toulouse became commander of enlarged french fleet, known grand fleet of france. rooke not venture within range of toulon forts nor risk attack superior force far away port of refuge, therefore turned towards straits arrival of english squadron under cloudesley shovell had put allies on numerical equality french.


rooke met shovell on 27 june off lagos. peter ii , ‘charles iii’ sent word lisbon wished attempt made on cádiz. methuen believed place ungarrisoned , easy take, admirals in fleet remained sceptical, when considering not on occasion carrying force comparable failed attempt there 2 years earlier. cádiz, however, not potential target. alliance fleet lay off tetuan on barbary coast, council of war aboard rooke’s flagship discussed need please 2 kings , save own reputations. on 28 july alliance commanders considered proposal of prince george, commander-in-chief of alliance forces in peninsula, attack on gibraltar.


the idea of attacking gibraltar old , spread. ‘rock’ had caught attention of oliver cromwell, , later william iii s , queen anne’s ministers had marked england. moors had shown interest in rock , fortified castle ruins still remained. emperor charles v had added many other works; immediate operational benefit negligible. gibraltar had little trade , anchorage unprotected – there no question, @ time, of basing fleet there.








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