Relationship with humans Bear

1 relationship humans

1.1 conservation
1.2 attacks
1.3 entertainment, hunting, food , folk medicine
1.4 literature, art , symbolism
1.5 organizations

relationship humans

a barrel trap in grand teton national park, wyoming used relocate bears away might attack humans


conservation

in modern times, bears have come under pressure through encroachment on habitats , illegal trade in bear parts, including asian bile bear market, though hunting banned, largely replaced farming. iucn lists 6 bear species vulnerable; 2 least concern species, brown bear , american black bear, @ risk of extirpation in areas. in general these 2 species inhabit remote areas little interaction humans, , main non-natural causes of mortality hunting, trapping, road-kill , depredation.

laws have been passed in many areas of world protect bears habitat destruction. public perception of bears positive, people identify bears due omnivorous diets, ability stand on 2 legs, , symbolic importance. support bear protection widespread, @ least in more affluent societies. bears raid crops or attack livestock, may come conflict humans. in poorer rural regions, attitudes may more shaped dangers posed bears , economic costs cause farmers , ranchers.

attacks

several bear species dangerous humans, in areas have become used people; elsewhere, avoid humans. injuries caused bears rare, reported. bears may attack humans in response being startled, in defense of young or food, or predatory reasons.

entertainment, hunting, food , folk medicine

the dancing bear william frederick witherington, 1822

bears in captivity have centuries been used entertainment. have been trained dance, , kept baiting in europe @ least since 16th century. there 5 bear-baiting gardens in southwark, london @ time; archaeological remains of 3 of these have survived. across europe, nomadic romani bear handlers called ursari lived busking bears 12th century.

a nomadic ursar, romani bear-busker. drawing theodor aman, 1888

bears have been hunted sport, food, , folk medicine. meat dark , stringy, tough cut of beef. in cantonese cuisine, bear paws considered delicacy. bear meat should cooked thoroughly, can infected parasite trichinella spiralis.

the peoples of eastern asia use bears body parts , secretions (notably gallbladders , bile) part of traditional chinese medicine. more 12,000 bears thought kept on farms in china, vietnam, , south korea production of bile. trade in bear products prohibited under cites, bear bile has been detected in shampoos, wine , herbal medicines sold in canada, united states , australia.

literature, art , symbolism


onikuma, japanese demon bear ehon hyaku monogatari, c. 1841



the latvian legendary hero lāčplēsis kills bear bare hands

there evidence of prehistoric bear worship, though disputed archaeologists. prehistoric finns, siberian peoples , more koreans considered bear spirit of forefathers. there evidence of bear worship in chinese , ainu cultures. in many native american cultures, bear symbol of rebirth because of hibernation , re-emergence. image of mother bear prevalent throughout societies in north america , eurasia, based on female s devotion , protection of cubs. japanese folklore features onikuma, demon bear walks upright. ainu of northern japan, different people japanese, saw bear instead sacred; hirasawa byozan painted scene in documentary style of bear sacrifice in ainu temple, complete offerings dead animal s spirit.

in korean mythology, tiger , bear prayed hwanung, son of lord of heaven, might become human. upon hearing prayers, hwanung gave them 20 cloves of garlic , bundle of mugwort, ordering them eat sacred food , remain out of sunlight 100 days. tiger gave after twenty days , left cave. however, bear persevered , transformed woman. bear , tiger said represent 2 tribes sought favor of heavenly prince. bear-woman (ungnyeo; 웅녀/熊女) grateful , made offerings hwanung. however, lacked husband, , became sad , prayed beneath divine birch tree (hangul: 신단수; hanja: 神檀樹; rr: shindansu) blessed child. hwanung, moved prayers, took wife , gave birth son named dangun wanggeom - legendary founder of gojoseon, first ever korean kingdom.

the constellation of ursa major depicted in urania s mirror, c. 1825

artio (dea artio in gallo-roman religion) celtic bear goddess. evidence of worship has notably been found @ bern, named bear. name derived celtic word bear , artos. in ancient greece, archaic cult of artemis in bear form survived classical times @ brauron, young athenian girls passed initiation right arktai bears . artemis , 1 of nymphs she-bear, see myth of callisto.

the constellations of ursa major , ursa minor, great , little bears, named supposed resemblance bears, time of ptolemy. nearby star arcturus means guardian of bear , if watching 2 constellations. ursa major has been associated bear as 13,000 years since paleolithic times, in widespread cosmic hunt myths. these found on both sides of bering land bridge, lost sea 11,000 years ago.

pliny elder s natural history (1st century ad) claims when first born, [bears] shapeless masses of white flesh, little larger mice; claws alone being prominent. mother licks them gradually proper shape. belief echoed authors of bestiaries throughout medieval period.

3 bears , arthur rackham s illustration english fairy tales, flora annie steel, 1918

bears mentioned in bible; second book of kings relates story of prophet elisha calling on them eat youths taunted him. legends of saints taming bears common in alpine zone. in arms of bishopric of freising, bear dangerous totem animal tamed st. corbinian , made carry civilised baggage on mountains. bears feature in legends of st. romedius, saint gall , saint columbanus. recurrent motif used church symbol of victory of christianity on paganism. in norse settlements of northern england during 10th century, type of hogback grave cover of long narrow block of stone, shaped apex roof beam of long house, carved muzzled, christianised, bear clasping each gable end, in church @ brompton, north yorkshire , across british isles.

the persian cat, british lion , russian bear in anglo-russian entente of 1907

lāčplēsis, meaning bear-slayer , latvian legendary hero said have killed bear ripping jaws apart bare hands. however, revealed in end of long epic describing life, lāčplēsis own mother had been she-bear, , superhuman strength resided in bear ears. modern latvian military award order of lāčplēsis, called hero, known order of bear-slayer.

bears popular in children s stories, including winnie pooh, paddington bear, gentle ben , brown bear of norway . version of goldilocks , 3 bears , published 3 bears in 1837 robert southey, many times retold, , illustrated in 1918 arthur rackham. cartoon character yogi bear has appeared in numerous comic books, animated television shows , films. care bears began greeting cards in 1982, , featured toys, on clothing , in film. around world, many children—and adults—have teddy bears, stuffed toys in form of bears, named after american statesman theodore roosevelt when in 1902 had refused shoot american black bear tied tree.

bears, other animals, may symbolize nations. in 1911, british satirical magazine punch published cartoon anglo-russian entente leonard raven-hill in british lion watches russian bear sits on tail of persian cat. russian bear has been common national personification russia 16th century onwards. smokey bear has become part of american culture since introduction in 1944, message can prevent forest fires . in uk, bear , staff feature on heraldic arms of county of warwickshire. bears appear in canting arms of 2 cities, bern , berlin.

organizations

juvenile pandas @ chengdu research base of giant panda breeding

the international association bear research & management, known international bear association, , bear specialist group of species survival commission, part of international union conservation of nature focus on natural history, management, , conservation of bears. bear trust international works wild bears , other wildlife through 4 core program initiatives, namely conservation education, wild bear research, wild bear management, , habitat conservation.

specialty organizations each of 8 species of bears worldwide include:

vital ground, brown bear
moon bears, asiatic black bear
black bear conservation coalition, north american black bear
polar bears international, polar bear
bornean sun bear conservation centre, sun bear
wildlife sos, sloth bear
andean bear conservation project, andean bear
chengdu research base of giant panda breeding, giant panda




^ brown bear – threats grizzlies: found in 2% of former range . wwf. retrieved 16 january 2017. 
^ bacon, heather (12 may 2008). implications of bear bile farming . vet times. retrieved 16 january 2017. 
^ keyword search: ursidae , exact phrase, entire database . iucn. retrieved 16 january 2017. 
^ pelton, michael r.; coley, alex b.; eason, thomas h.; doan martinez; diana l.; pederson, joel a.; van manen, frank t.; weaver, keith m. (1999). chapter 8. american black bear conservation action plan. iucn. pp. 144–156. isbn 978-2-8317-0462-3. 
^ kellert, stephen (1994). public attitudes toward bears , conservation . bears: biology , management. 9 (1): 43–50. doi:10.2307/3872683. jstor 3872683. 
^ andersone, Žanete; ozolinš, jānis (2004). public perception of large carnivores in latvia . ursus. 15 (2): 181–187. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2004)015<0181:ppolci>2.0.co;2. 
^ goldstein, isaac; paisley, susanna; wallace, robert; jorgenson, jeffrey p.; cuesta, francisc o; castellanos, armando (2006). andean bear–livestock conflicts: review . ursus. 17 (1): 8–15. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2006)17[8:abcar]2.0.co;2. 
^ fredriksson, gabriella (2005). human–sun bear conflicts in east kalimantan, indonesian borneo . ursus. 16 (1): 130–137. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2005)016[0130:hbciek]2.0.co;2. 
^ clark, douglas (2003). polar bear–human interactions in canadian national parks, 1986–2000 (pdf). ursus. 14 (1): 65–71. 
^ than, k. (2013). maulings bears: s behind recent attacks? . national geographic.com. retrieved 16 january 2017. 
^ findeizen, nikolai (2008). history of music in russia antiquity 1800, vol. 1: antiquity beginning of eighteenth century. indiana university press. p. 201. isbn 978-0-253-02637-8. 
^ elizabethan playhouses , bear baiting arenas given protection . historic england. 26 september 2016. retrieved 4 january 2017. 
^ fraser, angus m. (1995). gypsies. blackwell. pp. 45–48, 226. isbn 978-0-631-19605-1. 
^ trichinellosis associated bear meat . archived original on 30 september 2006. retrieved 4 october 2006. 
^ bear meat poisoning in siberia . bbc news. 21 december 1997. retrieved 4 october 2006. 
^ black, richard (11 june 2007). bbc test kit targets cruel bear trade . bbc news. archived original on 18 november 2010. retrieved 1 january 2010. 
^ wunn, ina (2000). beginning of religion . numen. 47 (4): 417–452. doi:10.1163/156852700511612. 
^ bonser, wilfrid (1928). mythology of kalevala, notes on bear-worship among finns . folklore. 39 (4): 344–358. doi:10.1080/0015587x.1928.9716794. jstor 1255969. 
^ chaussonnet, valerie (1995). native cultures of alaska , siberia. washington, d.c.: arctic studies center. p. 112. isbn 978-1-56098-661-4. 
^ lee, jung young (1981). korean shamanistic rituals. mouton de gruyter. pp. 14, 20. isbn 978-90-279-3378-2. 
^ kindaichi, kyōsuke; yoshida, minori (winter 1949). concepts behind ainu bear festival (kumamatsuri) . southwestern journal of anthropology. 5 (4): 345–350. doi:10.1086/soutjanth.5.4.3628594. jstor 3628594. 
^ ward , kynaston, p. 17
^ ward , kynaston, pp. 12–13
^ davisson, zack (28 may 2013). onikuma – demon bear . hyakumonogatari kaidankai. retrieved 19 february 2017. 
^ davidson, peter (2005). idea of north. reaktion books. p. 179. isbn 978-1-86189-230-0. in meiji period .. handscroll of paintings of ainu dwellings , customs .. painter hirasawa byozan , titled work scenes of daily life of ezo. paintings documentary, anthropological in intent, beauty. 
^ http://www.san-shin.org/dan-gun_myth.html
^ tudor, daniel (2013). korea: impossible country: impossible country. tuttle publishing. pp. [1]. isbn 146291022x. 
^ room, adrian (2006). placenames of world: origins , meanings of names 6,600 countries, cities, territories, natural features, , historic sites. mcfarland. p. 57. 
^ burkert, walter, greek religion, 1985:263.
^ ridpath, ian. ptolemy s almagest first printed edition, 1515 . retrieved 13 january 2017. 
^ cite error: named reference ursamajor invoked never defined (see page).
^ liddell, henry george; scott, robert. Ἀρκτοῦρος . greek-english lexicon. perseus. retrieved 23 january 2017. 
^ schaefer, bradley e. (november 2006). origin of greek constellations: great bear constellation named before hunter nomads first reached americas more 13,000 years ago? . scientific american,  reviewed @ brown, miland (30 october 2006). origin of greek constellations . world history blog. retrieved 9 april 2017;  berezkin, yuri (2005). cosmic hunt: variants of siberian – north-american myth (pdf). folklore. 31: 79–100. doi:10.7592/fejf2005.31.berezkin. 
^ pliny (1855). bostock, john; riley, henry t., eds. natural history. p. 8.4]. 
^ badke, david. medieval bestiary: bear . retrieved 23 january 2017. 
^ second book of kings, 2:23–25
^ pastoreau, michel (2007). l ours. historie d un roi déchu (in french). seuil. isbn 978-2-02-021542-8. 
^ hall, richard (1995). viking age archaeology. pp. 43 , fig. 22. isbn 978-0-7478-0063-7. 
^ pooh celebrates 80th birthday . bbc news. 24 december 2005. retrieved 23 january 2017. 
^ . paddington.com. retrieved 19 january 2017. 
^ walt morey, 84; author of gentle ben . associated press. 14 january 1992. retrieved 6 april 2017. 
^ kennedy, patrick, ed. (1866). brown bear of norway . legendary fictions of irish celts. macmillan. pp. 57–67. 
^ elms, alan c. (july–september 1977). 3 bears : 4 interpretations . journal of american folklore. 90 (357). jstor 539519. 
^ ashliman, d. l. (2004). folk , fairy tales: handbook. greenwood publishing group. pp. 114–115. isbn 978-0-313-32810-7. 
^ mallory, michael (1998). hanna-barbera cartoons. hugh lauter levin. p. 44. isbn 978-0-88363-108-9. 
^ browne, ray b.; browne, pat (2001). guide united states popular culture. popular press. p. 944. isbn 978-0-87972-821-2. 
^ holmes, elizabeth (9 february 2007). care bears receive (gentle) makeover . wall street journal. retrieved 27 january 2017. 
^ cannadine, david (1 february 2013). point of view: grownups teddy bears . bbc. retrieved 21 january 2017. 
^ raven-hill, leonard (13 december 1911). between friends . punch. 141: 429. retrieved 19 february 2017. 
^ west thinks russia not true . telegraph. 23 april 2009. retrieved 3 january 2017. 
^ forest fire prevention – smokey bear (1944–present) . ad council. 1944-08-09. archived original on 2010-11-18. retrieved 2010-10-16. 
^ civic heraldry of england , wales-warwickshire . 
^ first buddy bears in berlin . buddy bär berlin. 2008. retrieved 30 january 2014. 
^ vision , mission . bear trust international. 2002–2012. retrieved 8 march 2014. 
^ vital ground . 
^ moon bears . 
^ black bear conservation coalition . 
^ polar bears international . 
^ bornean sun bear conservation centre . 
^ wildlife sos . 
^ andean bear conservation project . 
^ chengdu research base of giant panda breeding . 

cite error: there <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on page, references not show without {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see page).