Time of peace and prosperity Guano Era

1 time of peace , prosperity

1.1 economy
1.2 social , demographic issues
1.3 education
1.4 judicial
1.5 foreign relations
1.6 national defense

time of peace , prosperity

april 20, 1845, ramon castilla assumed presidency. government represented 1 of greatest events in republican history of nation, reason peru entered stage of internal , external peace, progress, power, , international prestige. 1845 1862, castilla exercised influence on daily life of citizens. first government ended on 20 april 1851 allowing general jose rufino echenique assume power. echenique prestigious military officer, had been 1 of top advisors of castilla s government. using extensive military influence, echenique continued on progress of castilla s government further advance social , economic aspirations of peru. echenique s government, although emphasizing policy of progress, made of political conservatives, , suffered opposition liberals rebelled against government. ramon castilla became involved in rebellion, becoming leader. in battle of la palma, in outskirts of lima, echenqiue defeated , ramon castilla assumed presidency second time. reinstating of castilla president brought institutional stability; management of national economy establishing fixed budgets; economic prestige abroad repayment of foreign debt; internal security; international position on continent; intellectual , material progress; initiation of development of amazonia.

economy

the economic aspect of era expressed management of state finances through implementation of budgets. during time economy experiencing boom due guano being sold european markets. allowed government repay external debt, earning international economic prestige. before castilla, state expenses calculated in disorderly fashion: castilla implemented budget system organized sale of guano system of appropriations. using guano money, able settle international debt various nations had existed since time of independence.

communications interior began improve construction of new highways , implementation of railroads. first railroad constructed during castilla s first term between lima , callao. during echenique s government, tacna-arica railroad constructed , in castilla s second term, lima-chorrillos railroad implemented.

social , demographic issues

under governship of castilla, peru entered 1 of prosperous times

two important provisions made during liberal revolution against government of general echenique, aim of making peruvians equal before law. 1 of these such provisions abolition of tribute indigenous population forced pay reason of ethnicity. another, abolition of slavery of small population of blacks in peru. compensate lack of workers on haciendas of coast, government of castilla in 1849 authorized import of chinese people devote agricultural work. opened door chinese immigration more diversified races of nation. during time, european immigration encouraged, , thousands of europeans sailed europe ports of trujillo, huacho, callao, ilo, , arica. of them settled along coast or inland. not many settled interior. exception german population arrived @ port of huacho , traveled inland colonize pozuzo , oxapampa regions.

education

castilla in first government concerned bettering education of nation. created first regulation of public education. during second government, created second regulation defining levels of primary, middle, , superior education.

judicial

the task of replacing spanish legislation laws another, appropriate modern republican times, had been forgotten. country governed laws established king of spain old laws, functioning since before independence. castilla took first step in reforming judicial system. partly finished, first of these laws, named civil codes put place in 1852 , lasted until 1936. during time period, accompanied prosecution codes , commerce codes .

foreign relations

the chincha islands of guano originated

at time, peru viewed exterior non-aggressive country. international policy based on ideas of continentalism , solidarity between countries of western hemisphere. objective, in 1848 first american congress met in lima goal of ensure bases of future peace , security nations of south america. during government of echenique, peru began fix international borders neighboring countries. first treaty convienied in time period brazil, signed in 1851, establishing borders between 2 nations.

national defense

ramon castilla realized deficiencies of armed forces , sought fix them. because peru geographically situated in central part of western south america, immense coast (at time extending machala loa river) , borders 4 nations (currently five), there necessity self-defense.

castilla sought expand , well-equip peruvian navy. naval policy if chile constructed 1 ship, should construct two, , went on turn peruvian navy powerful of south america. acquired frigates mercedes , guisse , gamarra , amazonas , , apurimac schooners tumbes , loa . built naval ports of paita , bellavista. hew acquired first steam-powered warship of south american country , named rimac . better educate officers of these new ships, sent them study various navies of european nations. defense of amazonia, castilla began develop amazonian fleet purchase of ships morona , pastaza , napo , , putumayo , based in port of iquitos.

also during time invasion of ecuador caused ecuadorian-peruvian war of 1858-1860 in peru emerged victorious.