Infinitives and participles Finnish verb conjugation

1 infinitives , participles

1.1 infinitive i
1.2 infinitive ii
1.3 infinitive iii

1.3.1 agentive participle


1.4 infinitive iv
1.5 infinitive v
1.6 present participles

1.6.1 active
1.6.2 passive


1.7 past participles

1.7.1 active
1.7.2 agentive
1.7.3 passive

1.7.3.1 derived passive forms

infinitives , participles

in finnish there 5 infinitive forms, past , present participles both active , passive voices.

infinitive i

first infinitive dictionary form of verb: puhu-a = speak (stem puhu), , corresponds in meaning , function english infinitive introduced particle . suffix of first infinitive depends on type of verb stem. so-called vowel stems, (see verbs of type i, below), first infinitive suffix -a/-ä, whereas consonantal stems, (types iv-vi), suffix -ta/-tä. vowel stems consist of single open syllable ending in long vowel or diphthong or longer stems end in such syllables, (type ii), infinitive suffix -da/-dä: saa-da = , syö-dä = eat , reagoi-da = react . first infinitive of consonantal stems has weak consonant grade in stem, e.g., karata = flee < stem karkaa-.

it can used in sentence english infinitive , stand subject or direct object, without additional inflection. governed modal verbs saattaa might or voida able : saattaa mennä = might go or voi hakea = can fetch .

it has so-called long form , ending of nominal translative case , obligatory possessive suffix. long form associated literary register. connotes either extent or intent:

muista-a = remember ; muista-a-kse-ni = far can remember (extent), or in order might remember (intent), lit. remembering .
näh-dä = see ; näh-dä-kse-en = far he/she/it/they can see (extent), see (intent).

in spoken finnish, intent expressed short form infinitive if subject implicit or understood context or more explicitly subordinate clause containing conditional verb: että minä muistaisin. nevertheless, long form still used signify extent; example: tietä-ä = know , tietä-ä-kse-ni = far know .

the first infinitive take on no inflected forms. appears in short (dictionary) form , in long form, , long form not used without possessive suffix.

infinitive ii

the second infinitive may formed first infinitive replacing final a/ä e . occurs in instructive , inessive cases. if second infinitive has subject, subject put in genitive case; in inessive case, second infinitive accepts possessive suffix if appropriate.

the instructive form conveys manner of action corresponding approximately -ing or -ingly in english, less commonly -ande/ende in swedish , commonly -ant in french. parallel in function , meaning russian adverbial participle (as opposed adjectival participle):

tietäen = knowingly (instructive);
tietäen, että hänen täytyisi puhua = knowing have speak = sachant qu il aurait besoin de parler in french = зная, что ему следовало бы говорить in russian
näin puhuen = speaking (instructive);

the inessive form conveys coterminal action, happening @ same time else. more properly, seen action accomplishment simultaneously brings accomplishment of else. corresponds approximately in english use of when , while , or archaic or british whilst ; strict co-terminality still expressed in english in or , present participle -ing , subject in possessive case in manner analogous finnish, in french en , present participle -ant :

kuollessa = in dying or while dying = en mourant in french (inessive) = умирая in russian
varas iski uhrin syödessä aamupalaa = thief struck whilst victim eating breakfast

the inessive of infinitive has passive form:

tiedettäessä = in being known , said of fact;

but ambiguous , taken active inessive infinitive ii of causative tiedettää, make (someone) know

tiedettäessä = in making (someone) know or in making (some fact) known .

infinitive iii

the third infinitive formed adding ending -ma/mä hard grade of present stem. noun in own right, denoting act of verb. declineable noun, of cases have special or commonly understood meanings. illative of third infinitive common inchoative, governed such verbs ruveta , joutua:

hän rupesi saarnaamaan = began preach
häntä ei mennä neuvomaan = don t go , advise him

the elative used in sense of forbidding or discouraging action.

poikia kiellettiin polttamasta = boys forbidden smoking

the adessive used tell how action done.

jätteet hävitettiin polttamalla = waste destroyed burning

also possessive suffix.

polttamallani sormella en voinut kirjoittaa = couldn t type finger burned
kun toimimme neuvomallasi tavalla kaikki onnistui = when did way advised went

agentive participle

in finnish, passive participle cannot used when agent expressed. finnish uses forms ending in -ma/mä formally identical third infinitive. (some authors include 1 of uses of third infinitive; others list under special name agentive participle .) agentive participle never used when agent not expressed, , must used in situations 1 wishes use passive , express agent:

talo on pekan maalaama = house painted pekka
pekan maalaama talo = house painted pekka
talo on (sinun) maalaamasi = house painted

as expected participle, agrees head noun; in following, ending -mia , kirjeita letters in partitive plural:

pojan viime viikolla japanista ystävilleen kirjoittamia kirjeitä = (some of) letters written boy friends last week japan

infinitive iv

the fourth infinitive formed third ending -minen, declined other finnish nouns in -nen. noun meaning more process rather act of verb. corresponds -ation words in english:

käyminen = (the process of) going , can mean fermentation among other things.

the use of form proper infinitive rather action noun restricted forms such following.in implies sort of obligation:

minun on tekeminen jotakin = me
on tekeminen jotakin = ought done
heidän ei ole kysymistä ... = theirs not ask ...
tästä ei ole puhumista = not spoken of ;

or construction, finite verb repeated in partitive possessive suffix:

hän puhui puhumistaan = talked , talked .

infinitive v

the rarely-used fifth infinitive diminutive of third infinitive. apparently used in adessive plural possessive suffix. indicates @ point, action of verb little accomplished:

olin puhumaisillani = starting speak .

present participles
active

the active present participle formed adding -va/vä hard grade of present indicative stem of verb.

tulevat päivät ovat tuulisia = coming days (going be) windy

(in nominative plural, form coincides third person plural present indicative.)

passive

there passive present participle formed adding same ending passive stem:

puhuttava = spoken of

this form ambiguous: equally active present participle of causative puhuttaa, cause (someone) speak , thus:

puhuttava = (active) making (someone) speak
puhutettava = (passive) being made speak

past participles
active

the active past participle formed adding -nut/nyt short stem, omitting epenthetic vowel. verbs of type iii (ending in -lla/llä, -rra/rrä, , -sta/stä) assimilate n of ending:

tullut = (one has) come ;
purrut = (one has) bitten ;
pessyt = (one has) washed .

the stem of active past participle, other cases except nominative singular, ends in -nee-, may likewise assimilated. see tables of conjugation.

agentive

see agentive participle above.

passive

the passive past participle has ending -tu/ty or -ttu/tty soft grade of stem. verb of type i, final -a/ä- of stem replaced -e- passive past participle:

antaa = give ; annettu = (that has been) given .

the passive past participle subject consonant gradation:

tt → t;

and verbs of type iii:

lt → ll,






{\displaystyle \quad }

nt → nn,






{\displaystyle \quad }

rt → rr,






{\displaystyle \quad }

st → st.


annettu = (that has been) given; annetut = (that have been) given , (pl.);
purtu (one has been) bitten , graded purru-, e.g. purrun of has been bitten .
pesty = (that has been) washed , unchanged in soft grade, e.g. pestyt hiukset = hair has been washed (pl. of hius, single hair ).

derived passive forms

al other passive forms of verb may regularly derived passive past participle replacing final -u/y following endings:

in hard grade:

-iin : passive imperfect; annettiin given
-ava :: passive present participle; annettava (to be) given
-aisiin/äisiin : passive conditional; annettaisiin given
-aisi/äisi : passive conditional connegative negative verb ei; ei annettaisi not given
-aneen/äneen : passive potential; annettaneen might given
-ane/äne : passive potential connegative; ei annettane might not given
-akoon/äköön , -akaan/äkään : passive imperative; annettakoon shall given
-ako/äkö : passive imperative connegative; ei annettako shall not given


in soft grade:

-aan/ään : passive present indicative; annetaan given
-a/ä : passive present indicative connegative negative verb ei; ei anneta not given






^ savolainen, erkki. verkkokielioppi: 2.5.2.2.1 infinitiivit finn lectura 2001
^ savolainen, erkki. verkkokielioppi: 2.5.2.2.2 partisiipit finn lectura 2001